Achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality is a major strategic decision made by the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, in light of the overarching domestic and international contexts. It is an inevitable choice for addressing pressing resource and environmental constraints and ensuring the sustainable development of the Chinese nation, as well as a solemn commitment to building a community with a shared future for mankind. To fully, accurately, and comprehensively implement the new development philosophy and advance the work of achieving carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the following guidelines are hereby put forward.

　　I. General Requirements

　　(1) Guiding Principles. Guided by Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, we will comprehensively implement the spirit of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Plenary Sessions of the 19th CPC Central Committee; deeply apply Xi Jinping’s Thought on Ecological Civilization; ground ourselves in the new stage of development; uphold the new development philosophy; foster a new development pattern; adhere to a systems‑based approach; and strike a balanced relationship among development and emission reduction, the whole and the part, and the short term with the medium and long term. We will integrate carbon peaking and carbon neutrality into the overall framework of economic and social development, take the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development as the guiding principle, and regard green and low‑carbon energy development as the key. We will accelerate the establishment of an industrial structure, modes of production, lifestyles, and spatial patterns that conserve resources and protect the environment, unswervingly pursue a high‑quality development path that prioritizes ecology and is green and low‑carbon, and ensure the timely achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.

　　(II) Principles of Work

　　To achieve the goals of peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, we must adhere to the principles of “national coordination, prioritizing conservation, dual-wheel drive, unimpeded domestic and international flows, and risk prevention.”

　　— National-level coordination. Adopting a unified national approach, strengthening top-down planning, leveraging institutional strengths, implementing joint accountability of Party and government bodies, and ensuring that all stakeholders assume their respective responsibilities. Tailoring policies to local conditions, while encouraging proactive measures and leading the way in achieving peak emissions.

　　— Prioritize conservation. Place energy and resource efficiency at the forefront, implement a comprehensive conservation strategy, continuously reduce energy and resource consumption and carbon emissions per unit of output, enhance input‑output efficiency, promote a simple, moderate, green, and low‑carbon lifestyle, and establish effective mechanisms for controlling carbon emissions at the source and at the point of entry.

　　— Dual-wheel drive. By leveraging both government and market forces, we will establish a new national system, strengthen innovation in science, technology, and institutional frameworks, and accelerate the green and low-carbon technological revolution. We will deepen reforms in the energy sector and related fields, harness the role of market mechanisms, and put in place effective incentive and constraint systems.

　　— Ensuring smooth domestic and international flows. Grounded in China’s national conditions, we will coordinate domestic and international energy resources and promote advanced green and low-carbon technologies and best practices. We will also integrate efforts to address climate change through both advocacy and cooperation, steadily enhancing our international influence and voice, and resolutely safeguarding China’s development interests.

　　— Risk prevention. Strive to strike a balance between pollution reduction and carbon mitigation on the one hand, and energy security, the stability of industrial and supply chains, food security, and the normal livelihoods of the public on the other; effectively manage the economic, financial, and social risks that may arise from the green and low‑carbon transition; avoid overreaction; and ensure that carbon reduction is achieved safely.

　　II. Main Objectives

　　By 2025, a preliminary economic system for green, low-carbon, and circular development will have taken shape, with significant improvements in energy efficiency across key industries. Energy consumption per unit of GDP will be reduced by 13.5% compared to 2020; carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will decline by 18% relative to 2020; the share of non-fossil energy in total energy consumption will reach approximately 20%; and forest coverage will reach 24.1%, with forest stock volume reaching 18 billion cubic meters, thereby laying a solid foundation for achieving peak carbon emissions and carbon neutrality.

　　By 2030, a comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development will have yielded significant results, with energy efficiency in key energy-intensive industries reaching internationally advanced levels. Energy consumption per unit of GDP will decline substantially; carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP will be reduced by more than 65% compared with 2005 levels; the share of non-fossil energy in total energy consumption will reach around 25%; the total installed capacity of wind and solar power will exceed 1.2 billion kilowatts; forest coverage will reach approximately 25%, with forest stock volume reaching 19 billion cubic meters; and carbon dioxide emissions will peak and then steadily decline.

　　By 2060, a green, low-carbon, and circular economic system, along with a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy system, will be fully established. Energy efficiency will reach internationally advanced levels, the share of non-fossil energy in total consumption will exceed 80%, the carbon neutrality goal will be smoothly achieved, and significant progress will be made in ecological civilization, ushering in a new era of harmonious coexistence between humanity and nature.

　　III. Promoting a Comprehensive Green Transformation of Economic and Social Development

　　(3) Strengthen the guiding role of green and low-carbon development planning. Fully integrate the goals of peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality into medium- and long-term economic and social development plans, and reinforce the supporting and safeguarding functions of national development plans, territorial spatial plans, special-purpose plans, regional plans, and local plans at all levels. Enhance coordination and alignment among plans at all levels and of all types, ensuring that all regions and sectors achieve consistent alignment in implementing the key objectives, development directions, major policies, and major projects related to peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality.

　　(4) Optimize the regional layout for green and low-carbon development. Continuously refine the spatial distribution of major infrastructure, key productive forces, and public resources, and establish a new pattern of territorial space development and conservation that supports carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In the implementation of major regional strategies—including the coordinated development of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, the development of the Yangtze Economic Belt, the construction of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, the integrated development of the Yangtze River Delta, and the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin—strengthen the orientation toward green and low-carbon development and reinforce relevant task requirements.

　　(5) Accelerate the development of green production and lifestyles. Vigorously promote energy conservation and emissions reduction, comprehensively advance clean production, expedite the growth of the circular economy, strengthen the integrated utilization of resources, and continuously elevate the level of green and low‑carbon development. Expand the supply and consumption of green and low‑carbon products, and advocate for green and low‑carbon ways of life. Integrate green and low‑carbon development into the national education system. Launch pilot initiatives to foster a green and low‑carbon society. Build broad societal consensus and hasten the establishment of a favorable framework that encourages the participation of all sectors of society.

　　IV. Deepening Industrial Structural Adjustment

　　(6) Promote the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure. Accelerate the green development of agriculture to enhance its carbon sequestration capacity and improve efficiency. Formulate implementation plans for peaking carbon emissions in sectors and fields such as energy, steel, nonferrous metals, petrochemicals, building materials, transportation, and construction. Guided by energy conservation and carbon reduction, revise the Catalogue for Guiding Industrial Structure Adjustment. Conduct follow-up reviews of capacity‑reduction efforts in the steel and coal industries to consolidate the gains achieved. Speed up the adoption of low‑carbon processes and digital transformation across the industrial sector. Launch pilot projects for establishing carbon‑peak demonstration parks. Accelerate the green transition of commerce, trade, and information services, and raise the level of low‑carbon development in the service sector.

　　(7) Resolutely curb the unchecked expansion of high‑energy‑consumption, high‑emission projects. For new and expanded steel, cement, flat‑glass, electrolytic aluminum, and other such projects, strictly enforce capacity replacement on an equivalent or reduced basis, and introduce capacity‑control policies for coal‑fired power, petrochemicals, and coal‑chemical industries. No new, renovated, or expanded refining facilities, nor new ethylene, paraxylene, or coal‑to‑olefins projects, shall be approved unless they are included in the national industrial plans for the relevant sectors. Reasonably cap the scale of coal‑to‑oil and coal‑to‑gas production capacity. Raise energy‑efficiency准入 standards for high‑energy‑consumption, high‑emission projects. Strengthen analysis and early warning of overcapacity, and provide targeted guidance as needed.

　　(8) Vigorously develop green and low-carbon industries. Accelerate the growth of strategic emerging industries, including next-generation information technology, biotechnology, new energy, new materials, high-end equipment, new-energy vehicles, green and environmentally friendly technologies, as well as aerospace and marine equipment. Build a green manufacturing system. Promote the deep integration of emerging technologies—such as the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence, and fifth-generation mobile communications (5G)—with green and low-carbon industries.

　　V. Accelerate the development of a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient energy system

　　(9) Strengthen dual control over both energy consumption intensity and total volume. Uphold an energy development strategy that prioritizes energy conservation, rigorously curb energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission intensity, appropriately manage overall energy consumption, and systematically establish a system for capping total carbon dioxide emissions. Ensure seamless coordination among industrial planning, structural adjustment, energy‑conservation reviews, and the dual‑control framework; for regions where progress toward reducing energy intensity is particularly challenging, implement measures such as deferring or restricting approval of new projects and mandating equivalent‑or‑reduced‑emission substitution. Enhance energy‑conservation oversight and law enforcement, strengthen analysis and early warning regarding energy‑consumption and carbon‑dioxide‑emission targets, and strictly enforce accountability and performance evaluation. Strengthen regulation of non‑carbon‑dioxide greenhouse gases, including methane.

　　(10) Significantly enhance energy efficiency. Integrate energy conservation into every stage and sector of economic and social development, continuously deepen energy-saving efforts in key areas such as industry, buildings, transportation, and public institutions, and improve the energy efficiency of information‑technology infrastructure, including data centers and next‑generation communication networks. Strengthen the energy management system, reinforce energy‑conservation oversight and accountability among key energy‑using entities, and align with international best practices. Accelerate the implementation of energy‑saving and carbon‑reduction upgrades, and cultivate leading benchmarks in energy efficiency.

　　(11) Strictly control fossil energy consumption. Accelerate the reduction of coal use: during the 14th Five-Year Plan period, rigorously cap the growth of coal consumption; during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, gradually reduce it. Oil consumption is expected to reach a peak plateau during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Coordinate the development of coal-fired power with supply security and peak‑shaving needs, strictly limit the total installed capacity of coal‑fired power plants, and expedite energy‑efficiency upgrades and flexibility modifications for existing coal‑fired units. Gradually phase out, and ultimately prohibit, the direct combustion of loose coal. Speed up the large-scale development of unconventional oil and gas resources, including shale gas, coalbed methane, and tight oil and gas. Strengthen risk management to ensure a secure and stable energy supply and a smooth transition.

　　(12) Actively develop non‑fossil energy sources. Implement a renewable‑energy substitution initiative, vigorously promote wind, solar, biomass, ocean, and geothermal energy, and continuously increase the share of non‑fossil energy in total consumption. Adhere to a dual approach of centralized and distributed development, giving priority to on‑site and nearby utilization of wind and solar power. Develop hydropower in accordance with local conditions. Safely, steadily, and orderly advance nuclear power. Make rational use of biomass energy. Accelerate the large‑scale deployment of pumped‑storage hydropower and next‑generation energy storage technologies. Coordinate and advance the full‑chain development of hydrogen—covering production, storage, transportation, and end‑use. Build a new type of power system centered on new energy sources, and enhance the grid’s capacity to accommodate and regulate a high share of renewable energy.

　　(13) Deepen reforms of the energy system and mechanisms. Fully advance electricity market‑based reform, accelerate the development of independent market participants in the distribution and retail segments, improve the coordination mechanisms among medium‑ and long‑term markets, spot markets, and ancillary services markets, and expand the scale of market‑based transactions. Push forward grid‑system reform, clearly defining the market‑participant status of incremental distribution networks, microgrids, and distributed energy resources, with a primary focus on accommodating renewable energy. Speed up the establishment of a new mechanism for developing additional power‑generation capacity, underpinned by energy storage and peak‑shaving capabilities. Refine the market‑based pricing mechanisms for electricity and other energy commodities. From the perspective of promoting energy conservation, deepen electricity‑price reform, rationalize the structure of transmission and distribution tariffs, and fully liberalize prices in competitive segments. Advance market‑oriented reforms in coal, oil, and natural gas, and expedite the completion of a unified national energy market.

　　VI. Accelerate the Development of a Low-Carbon Transportation System

　　(14) Optimize the transportation structure. Accelerate the development of an integrated, multi-dimensional transport network, vigorously promote intermodal transport, increase the share of rail and waterway in overall freight transport, and continuously reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission intensity per unit of transport. Streamline passenger transport organization and encourage passenger carriers to adopt large-scale, intensive operations. Speed up the development of green logistics, integrate transport resources, and enhance resource utilization efficiency.

　　(15) Promote energy-efficient and low-carbon transportation modes. Accelerate the development of new‑energy and clean‑energy vehicles and vessels, advance smart transportation, carry out electrification upgrades of railways, promote the construction of hydrogen refueling stations, and encourage the widespread, routine use of shore power by ships at berth. Speed up the establishment of a convenient, efficient, and appropriately forward‑looking charging and battery‑swapping network. Raise energy‑efficiency standards for fuel‑powered vehicles and vessels, improve the energy‑efficiency labeling system for transport equipment, and expedite the phasing out of high‑fuel‑consumption, high‑emission, aging vehicles and vessels.

　　(16) Actively promote low-carbon travel. Accelerate the development of high-capacity public transport infrastructure, such as urban rail transit, dedicated bus lanes, and bus rapid transit systems, while strengthening urban non-motorized transportation networks, including bicycle lanes and pedestrian walkways. Employ a comprehensive array of legal, economic, technological, and administrative measures to intensify efforts to address urban traffic congestion.

　　VII. Enhancing the Quality of Green and Low-Carbon Development in Urban and Rural Areas

　　(17) Promote a low-carbon transformation of urban and rural development and management models. Fully integrate green and low-carbon principles into every stage of urban and rural planning, construction, and management. Advance cluster‑based urban development, establish urban ecological and ventilation corridors, and enhance urban greening. Rationally plan targets for the growth of urban building stock and strictly regulate the construction of high‑energy‑consumption public buildings. Implement green construction throughout the entire project lifecycle, improve systems for managing building demolition, and eliminate large‑scale demolition and reconstruction. Accelerate the development of green communities. In conjunction with rural revitalization initiatives, promote green and low‑carbon development in county towns and rural areas.

　　(18) Vigorously develop energy-efficient and low-carbon buildings. Continuously raise energy-efficiency standards for new constructions and accelerate the large-scale deployment of ultra‑low‑energy, nearly zero‑energy, and low‑carbon buildings. Strongly promote energy‑saving retrofits of existing urban buildings and municipal infrastructure to enhance building energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. Gradually implement building energy‑consumption caps, introduce building energy‑efficiency rating and labeling systems, and conduct performance assessments of low‑carbon development in the building sector. Fully promote green and low‑carbon building materials and advance the circular use of construction materials. Develop green rural housing.

　　(19) Accelerate the optimization of the energy structure in the building sector. Deepen the application of renewable energy in buildings and expedite the electrification and decarbonization of building energy use. Launch rooftop photovoltaic initiatives to substantially increase the penetration of electricity for heating, domestic hot water, and cooking. In northern urban areas, speed up the deployment of combined heat and power (CHP)–based district heating, scale up the utilization of industrial waste heat for heating, and actively yet prudently advance nuclear‑generated waste‑heat heating. Tailor approaches to local conditions by promoting clean, low‑carbon heating solutions such as heat pumps, natural gas, biomass energy, and geothermal energy.

　　VIII. Strengthen Major Scientific and Technological Research and the Promotion and Application of Green and Low-Carbon Technologies

　　(20) Strengthen basic research and the strategic deployment of cutting-edge technologies. Formulate an action plan to leverage science and technology in achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and develop a roadmap for the development of carbon-neutral technologies. Adopt a “challenge‑based recruitment” mechanism to tackle key scientific and technological challenges related to low‑carbon, zero‑carbon, and negative‑carbon solutions, as well as new materials, technologies, and equipment for energy storage. Intensify research on fundamental theories and methodologies concerning the causes and impacts of climate change, ecosystem carbon sinks, and other critical areas. Advance breakthroughs in frontier low‑carbon technologies, including high‑efficiency solar cells, renewable‑energy‑based hydrogen production, controlled nuclear fusion, and the redesign of zero‑carbon industrial processes. Foster a group of national key laboratories, national technology innovation centers, and major platforms for scientific and technological innovation focused on energy‑saving, carbon‑reduction, and new‑energy technologies. Build a talent system to support carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and encourage higher education institutions to establish disciplines and programs related to these goals.

　　(21) Accelerate the research, development, and deployment of advanced, applicable technologies. Conduct in-depth research on smart grid technologies that support the large-scale, grid‑friendly integration of wind and solar power. Strengthen R&D, demonstration, and industrial application of new energy storage technologies such as electrochemical and compressed air storage. Intensify R&D, demonstration, and scaled‑up deployment of key technologies for hydrogen production, storage, and utilization. Promote energy‑saving and low‑carbon technologies, including cascaded energy utilization in industrial parks. Advance the R&D and application of novel materials such as aerogels. Push forward the R&D, demonstration, and industrialization of large‑scale carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies. Establish and improve a comprehensive system for evaluating and trading green and low‑carbon technologies, along with a platform for scientific and technological innovation services.

　　IX. Continuously Consolidate and Enhance Carbon Sink Capacity

　　(22) Strengthen the carbon sink capacity of ecosystems. Enhance land‑space planning and land‑use control, firmly uphold ecological protection redlines, strictly limit the occupation of ecological spaces, and maintain the carbon‑sequestration functions of existing forests, grasslands, wetlands, oceans, soils, permafrost, and karst landscapes. Rigorously cap the scale of newly developed construction land and promote the revitalization and efficient utilization of existing urban and rural construction land. Strictly enforce land‑use standards, strengthen assessments of land conservation and intensive use, and widely disseminate land‑saving technologies and models.

　　(23) Enhance the carbon sink capacity of ecosystems. Implement major ecological conservation and restoration projects, and promote integrated protection and restoration of mountains, rivers, forests, farmland, lakes, grasslands, and deserts. Deepen large-scale land greening initiatives, consolidate the achievements of returning cultivated land to forests and grasslands, and carry out targeted forest‑quality improvement programs to steadily increase both forest area and timber stock. Strengthen ecological conservation and restoration of grasslands, and reinforce wetland protection. Advance the holistic conservation and restoration of marine ecosystems, enhancing the carbon sequestration potential of mangrove forests, seagrass beds, salt marshes, and other coastal habitats. Launch initiatives to improve arable land quality, implement the National Black Soil Protection Project, and boost the carbon sink capacity of ecological agriculture. Actively promote the development and utilization of karst carbon sinks.

　　X. Enhancing the Level of Green and Low-Carbon Development in Opening-Up

　　(24) Accelerate the establishment of a green trade system. Continuously optimize the trade structure and vigorously promote trade in high-quality, high‑tech, high‑value‑added green products. Improve export policies and strictly regulate the export of high‑energy‑consumption and high‑emission products. Actively expand imports of green and low‑carbon products, energy‑saving and environmentally friendly services, and environmental services.

　　(25) Promote the development of a green Belt and Road. Accelerate the green transformation of Belt and Road investment and cooperation. Support Belt and Road partner countries in developing and utilizing clean energy. Vigorously advance South–South cooperation to help developing countries enhance their capacity to address climate change. Deepen exchanges and cooperation with other countries in areas such as green technologies, green equipment, green services, and green infrastructure development, and actively facilitate the international outreach of China’s new‑energy and other green, low‑carbon technologies and products, ensuring that greenness becomes the defining feature of the joint construction of the Belt and Road.

　　(26) Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation. Actively participate in international negotiations on climate change, uphold China’s status as a developing country, and adhere to the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, equity, and respective capabilities, thereby safeguarding China’s development interests. Implement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Paris Agreement, release China’s long-term low‑emission development strategy, actively engage in the formulation of international rules and standards, and promote the establishment of a global climate governance system that is fair, equitable, and based on win‑win cooperation. Enhance international exchanges and cooperation on climate change, coordinate domestic and international efforts, and proactively contribute to global climate and environmental governance.

　　XI. Improving the Legal, Regulatory, and Standard Framework, as well as the Statistical Monitoring System

　　(27) Improve the legal and regulatory framework. Conduct a comprehensive review of existing laws and regulations to identify provisions that are inconsistent with efforts to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and strengthen coordination and alignment among them. Study and draft specific legislation on carbon neutrality, and promptly revise the Energy Conservation Law, the Electric Power Law, the Coal Law, the Renewable Energy Law, the Circular Economy Promotion Law, and other relevant statutes, thereby enhancing the relevance and effectiveness of these legal instruments.

　　(28) Improve the standards and metrology system. Establish and refine a comprehensive standards and metrology framework for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Accelerate the updating and upgrading of energy‑saving standards, promptly revising a batch of mandatory national standards on energy consumption limits, energy efficiency of products and equipment, and engineering construction. Raise the energy‑consumption limit requirements for key products, expand the scope of coverage of these limits, and improve supporting standards related to energy accounting, testing and certification, assessment, and auditing. Speed up the refinement of standards for carbon‑emission verification, accounting, and reporting at the regional, sectoral, enterprise, and product levels, and establish a unified and standardized carbon‑accounting system. Develop greenhouse‑gas emission standards for key industries and products, and enhance the low‑carbon product labeling system. Actively participate in the development of relevant international standards and strengthen international alignment of standards.

　　(29) Enhance statistical monitoring capabilities. Improve the energy‑consumption statistics, monitoring, and measurement systems in sectors such as power generation, steel, and construction, and strengthen the development of online energy‑consumption monitoring systems for key energy‑using entities. Strengthen capacity building for the statistical accounting of carbon dioxide emissions and raise the level of information‑based, empirical measurement. Leveraging and expanding the natural resources survey and monitoring system, establish an ecosystem carbon‑sink monitoring and accounting framework; conduct baseline surveys and carbon‑stock assessments for forests, grasslands, wetlands, oceans, soils, permafrost, karst landscapes, and other carbon sinks; and implement monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of ecological conservation and restoration efforts in enhancing carbon sequestration.

　　XII. Improving Policy Mechanisms

　　(30) Improve investment policies. Fully leverage the guiding role of government investment, establish an investment and financing system aligned with carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, strictly control investment in high‑carbon projects such as coal‑fired power, steel, electrolytic aluminum, cement, and petrochemicals, and significantly increase support for projects in energy conservation and environmental protection, new energy, low‑carbon transportation equipment and operational models, and carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Refine policies that encourage private capital participation, thereby stimulating market entities’ enthusiasm for green and low‑carbon investment. State-owned enterprises should ramp up green and low‑carbon investments and actively pursue research, development, and application of low‑carbon, zero‑carbon, and negative‑carbon technologies.

　　(31) Actively develop green finance. Orderly advance the development of green and low‑carbon financial products and services, establish carbon‑reduction monetary policy tools, incorporate green credit into the macroprudential assessment framework, and guide banks and other financial institutions to provide long‑term, low‑cost financing for green and low‑carbon projects. Encourage development‑oriented and policy‑oriented financial institutions to offer long‑term, stable financing in line with market‑based and rule‑of‑law principles to support the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Support eligible enterprises in raising capital through initial public offerings and subsequent financings for the construction and operation of green and low‑carbon projects, and expand the scale of green bonds. Study the establishment of a national low‑carbon transition fund. Encourage social capital to set up green and low‑carbon industry investment funds. Establish and improve a sound green finance standards system.

　　(32) Improve fiscal, tax, and pricing policies. Governments at all levels should increase support for the development of green and low‑carbon industries and for research and technological innovation. Refine government green procurement standards and expand the procurement of green and low‑carbon products. Implement tax incentives for environmental protection, energy and water conservation, and new‑energy and clean‑energy vehicles and vessels. Conduct research on tax policies related to carbon reduction. Establish and improve price mechanisms that promote the large‑scale development of renewable energy. Further refine differentiated electricity tariffs, time‑of‑use pricing, and residential tiered electricity pricing. Strictly prohibit preferential electricity rates for high‑energy‑consumption, high‑emission, and resource‑intensive industries. Accelerate reforms to heat‑metering systems and the adoption of heat‑based billing. Expedite the establishment of a carbon pricing mechanism with appropriate regulatory constraints.

　　(33) Promote the development of market-based mechanisms. Relying on public resource trading platforms, accelerate the establishment and improvement of a national carbon emissions trading market, gradually expand its coverage, diversify trading products and methods, and refine quota allocation management. Integrate carbon sink trading into the national carbon emissions trading market and establish a sound ecological protection compensation mechanism that reflects the value of carbon sinks. Enhance systems for corporate and financial institution reporting and information disclosure on carbon emissions. Improve the system for the paid use and trading of energy‑use rights, and expedite the development of a national energy‑use rights trading market. Strengthen coordinated linkages among electricity trading, energy‑use rights trading, and carbon emissions trading. Develop market‑based approaches to energy conservation, promote contract energy management, and advance integrated energy‑saving services.

　　Thirteen: Effectively Strengthen Organization and Implementation

　　(34) Strengthen organizational leadership. Enhance the CPC Central Committee’s centralized and unified leadership over carbon peaking and carbon neutrality efforts, with the Leading Group for Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality providing guidance and coordinating these initiatives. Support regions, key industries, and leading enterprises that are well-positioned to achieve carbon peaking ahead of others; organize pilot programs and demonstration projects on carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, and explore effective approaches and valuable experiences. Integrate carbon peaking and carbon neutrality into the cadre education and training system as a core component, thereby strengthening the capacity of leading cadres at all levels to advance green and low-carbon development.

　　(35) Strengthen overall coordination. The National Development and Reform Commission shall enhance overall planning, organize the implementation of the Action Plan for Peaking Carbon Emissions by 2030, and intensify strategic planning for carbon neutrality. It will regularly monitor and assess the progress of all regions and relevant departments in achieving their carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets, strengthen follow-up evaluation and oversight, and coordinate to resolve major issues arising during implementation. All relevant departments shall reinforce coordination and collaboration, pool their efforts, and ensure policy consistency and seamless alignment of steps and measures.

　　(36) Strengthen local accountability. Implement the responsibility system for leading cadres in ecological civilization development; Party committees and governments at all levels must firmly shoulder their responsibilities for peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality, clarify goals and tasks, formulate concrete measures for implementation, and proactively contribute to the realization of these objectives.

　　(37) Strengthen oversight and performance assessment. All regions shall incorporate carbon peak and carbon neutrality indicators into the comprehensive evaluation system for economic and social development, increase their weighting, and reinforce regulatory constraints. Intensify assessments of the implementation of carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals and tasks; commend and reward, in accordance with regulations, regions, units, and individuals that achieve outstanding results; and, for regions and departments that fail to meet their targets, impose public criticism and hold responsible parties accountable through interviews, in line with relevant rules and laws. The status of implementation shall be included in the central ecological and environmental protection inspection. Each region and relevant department shall report annually to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on the progress of implementing these measures.